新概念英语第四册笔记

[TOC]

Lesson 1

Main knowledge

  • none of 加可数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用法
none of加可数或不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用法

当none of后为接可数名词(三人/物或以上)并且在句子中做主语,其谓语动词一般用复数*(即使可以用单数),*

但是如果为不可数名词,那么谓语动词只能用单数

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None of them have/has discovered the problem.   他们中没有一个人发现这个问题

None of the water was pure.  这些水都不是纯净的
短语动词和结构

rot away 腐烂殆尽

hand down 传递下来

Lesson 2-4

Main knowledge

  • 关系从句
关系从句
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1981 was the year when my daughter was born.   
**这里的when是关系副词,它代替了本应该是关系代词的that**
试比较:
1981 was the year that my daughter was born. 

This is the place where I grew up.   
**同样,此处where代替了关系代词that**

That's the reason why he dislikes us. 
**why代替了that/which**

这些关系副词同样可以用于非限定性关系从句,应注意的是,如果非限定性定语从句用的是关系副词,那么就可以用that替代. (不如看下面的句子,如果能理解的话,建议不要死记语法,这样可能会降低自己对英语的兴趣)

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1981, the year when/that my daughter was born, was the happiest year for me. 

The small town, the place where/that I grew up, has been a famous tourist attraction.
normal和ordinary的区别

normal和ordinary都表示正常的,但是ordinary经常用来形容人等有生命的物体

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I want a nomal size suit please.

I am just an ordinary person.
短语动词和结构

bring … to the notice of. 引起某人的注意

do harm to sb / do sb/sth harm 对某人/某事造成损害

be engaged in … 从事于

go out of SB’s way 某人想尽了办法

Lesson 5-15

Load和lade的区别

load和lade都是装载的意思,但是load常表示机器或设备上装载某些内容,lade常表示装载实际的物体

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The camare has a sensor that flashes when a film has not been corretly loaded.

The poor woman was so laden with household shopping, she could hardly step up to get on the bus.
短语动词和结构

deduce … from … 从…推断出…

take leave to do … 擅自/冒昧去做某事

get down to … 认真研究…

turn to … for … 为了…而求助于…

steer clear of … 避开

apply oneself to … 致力于

put sand in the wheel of … 阻碍…

in no time 立即

for the sake of … 为了…的利益

on account of … 由于/归咎于…

every so often 时常

every now and again 偶尔

every once in a while 偶尔

every now and then 有时

now and again 有时

by means of … 靠…的手段

be loaded against … 于…不利

weigh against … 于…不利

in so far as … 就…而言

as likely as not 可能,多半

have influence upon/on sb. 对某人…的影响

be mistaken for … 被误认为…

with no regard for … 不考虑…

without giving any consideration to … 不考虑…

without any idea of … 完全忽视…

hit the nail on the head 一针见血

for want of … 缺少

Lesson 16&17

Main knowledge

  • neglect&overlook&ignore的区别
neglect&overlook&ignore的区别

三者都是表示疏忽

但neglect主要强调的是疏忽,忽略的这个事实(不论是否有意)

overlook表示无意的疏忽,忽略

ignore表示有意的疏忽,忽略

短语动词和结构

for the good of … 为了…的好处,利益

Lesson 18-19

Main knowledge

  • 独立主格
独立主格

独立主格的特征 独立主格的更多简介 独立主格的特点

  1. 独立主格通常有四种结构

    1. 不定式结构

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      A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robes, others to adjust his crown, and so on.

    2. 现在分词结构

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      Jim climbed slowly up the creaking steps, his courage slipping away at every step.

    3. 过去分词结构

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      His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.

    4. 没有动词结构

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      He went off, gun in hand.

      He went off, and his gun was in hand.

  2. 做逻辑主语的名词(词组)有时可以省去限定词

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    He went off, (his) gun in hand.

    The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed.

  3. 位置灵活,可放在句首,句中或句尾

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    All things considered, I think i ought to award the job to Smith.   独立主格放于句首

    He stood in the doorway, his wet cloak dripping water on the rug, and waited for some sing of recognition.    独立主格放于句中

  4. 可表示多种意义

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    His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.   独立主格在句首,表示时间

    Her shirt caught in a nail, she couldn't move.   独立主格在句首,表示原因

    Weather permitting, the cricket match will be played on Wednesday.  独立主格在句首,表示条件

    She was sitting at her desk, her head slightly lowered over a pile of documents.   独立主格在句尾,表示伴随

  5. 独立主格可以转变为with或without引导的介词词组

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    He came up to me, (with his) gun in hand.

    THe war was over whitout a shot being fired.
短语动词和结构

credit … with … 相信…具有…, 在(贷方)记入…

force … upon … 将…强加于…

Lesson 20

Main knowledge

  • 倒装让步状语从句
倒装让步状语从句

  1. 名词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词 (名词位于句首时冠词省略)

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    King as he was, he was unhappy.  => As he was a king, he was unhappy.

    Teacher though he is, he can't know everything.

  2. 形容词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词

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    Successful as he is, he is not pround.

    Stupid as it sounds, I was so in love with her that I believed her.

  3. 副词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词

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    Hard though they tried, they couldn't make her change her mind.

    Fast as you read, you can't finish the book in two days.

  4. 动词原形 + as/though + 主语 + 动词 (may, might, do, did)

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    Object as you may, I'll go.

    Try as he might, he couldn't solve the problem.

    Lose money as we did, we got a lot of experience.

  5. 分词 + as/though + 主语 + 动词

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    Rainning hard as it is, I'm going out for a walk.

    Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward.

区分从句是表示原因还是让步可以通过观察整个句子来确定

Lesson 21

Main knowledge

  • alien&exotic的区别
alien&exotic的区别

alien和exotic都表示外来的

但是alien一般表示外国的,外星球的

而exotic一般表示非本国的,外来的

两者之间的感情色彩不同,alien通常带有贬义的色彩,exotic带有褒义的色彩

动词短语和结构

join hands 携手联合

be rooted in … 扎根于

in short 总而言之

Lesson 22-23

Main knowledge

  • 省略了to的动词不定式的用法
省略了动词不定式的用法

动词help用来表示帮助某人做某事时, 可以省略to直接跟动词原型, 也可以不省略, 但是如果是否定句就不能省略

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Everyone in the village helped (to) build the New Young Centre.   此处可省略

How can I help my children not **to** worry about the exam?    此处不能省略to

动词have后面跟省略了to的动词不定式时, 通常表示要求某人做某事

动词know用于完成时时,其后可以省略to直接跟动词原型,也可以不省略

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I have never known her (to) have those experiences before.

当help和know本身为被动形式时, 如果后面跟不定式, to不能省略

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He was helped to kick the bad habit.    

He was known to possess three dogs.

同样,在and, but, except, or, than, 后面的to可省略,也可不省略

当句子中两个动词不定式紧密连接时,第二个不定式的to可省略,也可不省略

感知动词

在感知动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, smell等后, 其后面可以跟省略了to的动词不定式, 也可以跟动名词

感知动词后如果后面跟的是省略了to的动词不定式, 一般表示整体动作, 如果后面跟的是动名词形式, 则表示正在发生的动作

感知动词后, 不会直接跟动词的被动形式, 要么是跟动名词的被动形式, 要么是动词的过去分词形式

在感知动词自身为被动形式时, 后面如果跟动名词形式, 代表正在发生的; 如果跟动词不定式(这里的to不能省略), 则代表整体动作

rather/sooner than

当表示”宁愿”时, rather/sooner than后面一般直接跟省略了to的不定式, 也可以跟动名词形式

短语动词

make oneself understood 表达自己的意思

Lesson 24-37

短语动词和结构

a burst of … 一阵

at the disposal of … 交由…处置/支配

dispose of … 处理

establish … as … 将…确立为…

water under the bridge 都是过去的事情了,就不要再提了

settle down 定居下来, 专心从事…

settle in … 习惯,适应…

settle on … 决定,决心…

lay stress on … 强调…

on the part of sb. 由某人所表现出的…/就…而言

before very long 不久

sb bring sth on himself. 咎由自取

calculate on … 指望

keep sb in line 使某人守规矩

keep sb in order 管理某人

has yet to do sth. 尚未做某事

in accordance with … 一致

set in 开始,到来

at the height of … 在…的高度

a riot of … 许多的,丰富的

only too … to do sth. 非常…能做某事

in all probability 很可能

give more than a passing thought 稍微想过

be confined to … 仅限于

be fashioned after … 按照…做成

stand up to sth 经受住…

face up to sth 直面,正视某事

to the extent … 到达某种程度

be analogous to … 与…类似

Lesson 38-42

短语动词和结构

to my certain knowledge 就我所知

might as well do 还是做…的好

flirt with … 忽视,不当回事

take time off from … 暂停

pass for … 被当做,假冒为

in the sight of … 从…角度来看

give the impression of … 具有…的印象

race in to … 冲向…

the same … as … 与…相同的

assign sth to sb. / assign to sb sth. / assign sb sth. 分配给某人某物

take sth with a grain of salt. 做某事有所保留

with the aid of … 在…的帮助下

add up 讲得通, 言之有理

add up to 总计达, 总括起来意味着

beware of … 当心,注意某事

shake off 摆脱

Lesson 43

Main knowledge

  • 英语中的大数字互译法
英语中的大数字译法

英语中的一些大数字(超过万的), 和汉语的读法有所不同,在英语中数字每三位用逗号分开,每一个逗号从右往左分别读作thousand, million, billion.

例如一千亿(100,000,000,000)用英文表示则是: one hundred billion(一百*十亿), 或者one hundred thousand million(一百*一千*一百万).

此图来自知乎答主鹿格兰

原回答请点击

英语中的大数字译法

动词短语和结构

let alone sth. 更不需要说…

come up against … 遇到

be bound to do sth. 必然会最某事

be bound up in … 忙于

be bound up with … 与…有关联

Lesson 44-46

与hand组成的结构

on hand 可用的

at hand 在手边的

by hand 用手的方式

off hand 立即

in hand 正在做的

短语动词和结构

It is the other way around. 正好相反

hold sway over sth. 有支配…的能力

go behind sth. 摆脱…

have reference to … 参照…

in all seriousness 庄重地, 严肃地

be incumbent upon sb. 对某人来说义不容辞的

make a very poor show. 出丑

stand along. 孤立,孑然一身

catch hold of sth. 握住,抓住

make use of … 利用

be of use 有用

be essential to/for … 对…非常重要的

be banished from … 被驱赶,抛弃

go hand in hand. 携手并进